An anorectal malformation occurs when the anus or rectum don’t develop properly before birth. Anorectal malformations can cause a problem with passing stool from the body. The anus may be missing, blocked by a layer of skin or be narrower than normal. If the anus is completely blocked, it is called imperforate anus. Less often, the rectum may be blocked or narrow.

The child may also have an abnormal passage (called a fistula) from the rectum to another part of the body, such as the urinary tract or the vagina.

Children with anorectal malformations may also be born with birth defects in other parts of the body.

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What are the signs and symptoms of anorectal malformations?

Anorectal malformations are often found shortly after birth. Common signs include:

  • No visible anus or a membrane over the anus
  • An anus in a location that is not normal
  • Not passing any stool in the first 24 hours after birth
  • Passing stool through the fistula and out of the vagina, urethra or perineum (the area between the anus and genitals)

What causes anorectal malformations?

Anorectal malformations occur while a baby is developing during pregnancy. In most cases, experts don’t know what causes anorectal malformations. In rare cases, the condition may run in families. Children with certain genetic syndromes may also be more likely to have an anorectal malformation.

How are anorectal malformations treated?

Anorectal malformations are treated with surgery. The specific type of surgery your child needs depends on the type of the malformation. Sometimes children need more than one surgery to repair the problem. Connecticut Children’s team of surgeons will create an individual treatment plan for your child based on their condition. Whenever possible, we use laparoscopic surgical techniques using small incisions.