A lymphatic malformation is a non-cancerous growth or cyst in a lymphatic vessel, which is a part of the immune system. Children with lymphatic malformations are born with a lymphatic vessel that isn’t developed correctly. This causes fluid to become trapped and form a spongy growth, often found on a child’s head or neck.

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What are the signs and symptoms of a lymphatic malformation?

Lymphatic malformations are usually visible at birth or by the age of 2. Symptoms may vary, depending on the size and location of the cyst, but can include:

  • Spongy lump on the neck, head or face. A lymphatic malformation can occasionally form on the arms, legs, chest, belly or pelvis.
  • Bleeding or pain at the site of the lump.
  • Redness, warmth, discharge or swelling at the site of the lump, if infected.
  • Breathing, speaking or swallowing problems, if on the chest.
  • Vision problems, if on the eye.
  • Problems using the bathroom, if on the pelvis.

What causes a lymphatic malformation?

Lymphatic malformations develop when a baby is forming during pregnancy. Experts do not know what causes a lymphatic vessel to develop incorrectly. Lymphatic malformations are more common in children with Down syndrome, Turner syndrome and other genetic conditions.

How are lymphatic malformations treated?

Treatment for a lymphatic malformation depends on the size and location of the growth. In some cases, your child’s doctor may recommend watching the growth over time to see if it needs treatment.

The multidisciplinary vascular anomalies team at Connecticut Children’s has extensive experience treating lymphatic malformations in young children and will discuss the best treatment approach with your family.

Some lymphatic malformations can be treated with medicines that shrink the cyst.

If a child’s lymphatic malformation affects their breathing or a nearby organ, it may need to be removed with surgery. At Connecticut Children’s, our surgeons use minimally invasive options as often as possible to reduce bleeding and recovery time.